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China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the BCIM and the G-20. The PRC has been a United Nations member since 1971, when it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U.N. China is a recognized nuclear weapons state and has the world's largest standing army, with the second-largest defense budget. As of 2013, it is the world's second-largest economy by both nominal total GDP and purchasing power parity (PPP), and is also the world's largest exporter and importer of goods. Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, China has become the world's fastest-growing major economy. The ROC's jurisdiction is now limited to Taiwan and several outlying islands, including Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, and it has received limited diplomatic recognition.
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After the defeat of the Empire of Japan in World War II, the Communist Party defeated the nationalist Kuomintang in mainland China and established the People's Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, while the Kuomintang relocated the ROC government to Taipei. The Republic of China overthrew the last dynasty in 1911, and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949. Since 221 BC, when the Qin Dynasty first conquered several states to form a Chinese empire, the country has expanded, fractured and been reformed numerous times. For millennia, China's political system was based on hereditary monarchies, known as dynasties, beginning with the semi-mythological Xia of the Yellow River basin (c. The ancient Chinese civilization – one of the world's earliest – flourished in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. China's coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometres (9,000 mi) long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East and South China Seas. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third- and sixth-longest in the world, have their sources in the Tibetan Plateau and continue to the densely populated eastern seaboard. The terrain of western China is rugged and elevated, with the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separating China from South and Central Asia. China's landscape is vast and diverse, with forest steppes and the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts occupying the arid north and northwest near Mongolia and Central Asia, and subtropical forests prevalent in the wetter south near Southeast Asia. The PRC also claims Taiwan – which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity – as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War.Ĭovering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, China is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third or fourth-largest by total area, depending on the definition of total area. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions ( Hong Kong and Macau). The PRC is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party, with its seat of government in the capital city of Beijing. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. For further information, see Territorial changes of the People's Republic of China.Ĭhina ( i / ˈ tʃ aɪ n É™ / Chinese: ä¸å›½ pinyin: ZhÅngguó see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China ( PRC), is a sovereign state located in East Asia. The total area of China is listed as 9,572,900 km 2 (3,696,100 sq mi) by the Encyclopædia Britannica. It also excludes the Trans-Karakoram Tract 5,800 km 2 (2,200 sq mi), Aksai Chin 37,244 km 2 (14,380 sq mi) and other territories in dispute with India. ^ The area given is the official United Nations figure for the mainland. ^ Xi Jinping holds four concurrent positions: General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, President of the People's Republic of China, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission for both state and party. Currently, the central authority of the Chinese government is concentrated in the 7-9 members of the Politburo Standing Committee, headed by the General Secretary. ^ Since the 1980s, simple characterizations of the political structure are no longer possible. ^ Minorities that are recognized officially.
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Unification of China under the Qin Dynasty Single-party state under collective leadership